What Is Globalization? Research Paper Example. Pages: 1. Words: Research Paper. This Research Paper was written by one of our professional writers. You are free to use it as an inspiration or a source for your own work. Need a custom Research Paper written for you? HIRE A WRITER! Globalization has served to reshape the economic landscape of the United States with the introduction of new technologies, the exchange of business ideologies, and corporate culture. Through globalization, local companies are also expanding their operations, opening outlets, and This sample globalization research paper features: words (approx. 20 pages), an outline, and a bibliography with 45 sources. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a thorough research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help
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This sample globalization research paper features: words approx. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a thorough research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. This is how your paper can get an A! Feel free to contact our writing service for professional assistance. We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates. Globalization is an inconsistent concept, and definitions of it abound.
However, most anthropologists agree that, experientially, globalization refers to a reorganization of time and space example of research paper about globalization which many movements of peoples, things, and ideas throughout much of the world have become increasingly faster and effortless.
Spatially and temporally, cities and towns, individuals and groups, institutions and governments have become linked in ways that are fundamentally new in many regards, especially in terms of the potential speed of interactions among them. Examples of these interactions are myriad: The click of a mouse button on a Wall Street computer can have immediate financial effects thousands of miles away on another continent, and events like the fall of the Berlin Wall in or footage of the tsunami in southern Asia can be televised internationally, whereby millions of viewers interpret the same images concurrently.
Beyond these shared perspectives on and approaches to globalization, anthropologists disagree example of research paper about globalization one another in important regards. Or, has the world long been shaped by human interaction spanning great distances? These debates are not limited to two opposing sides.
Some scholars feel that these very questions blunt meaningful analysis of the contemporary world and all of its nuances. By focusing largely on absolutes—that is, example of research paper about globalization, what is entirely singular versus wholly chaotic, what is radically new versus something predicated largely on the past— important questions are passed over.
For example, what are the specific mechanisms of human interconnection and the particular histories in which they are embedded? Anthropologists do agree, however, on how to best go about investigating globalization: through long-term, intensive fieldwork, either in a single locality or in several linked analytically together.
This fieldwork is ethnographic; that is, it seeks an intimate understanding of the social and cultural dynamics of specific communities, as well as the broader social and political systems they negotiate. In a world of intensifying social relations, ethnography requires engagement in both empirical research and critical theory.
Anthropological attention to ethnographic detail is an important rejoinder to a vast globalization literature centered on macro phenomena, such as the relations between large-scale political and economic bodies like nationstates, political unions, trade organizations, and transnational corporations. Yet the discipline has taken as its goal the understanding of how specific subjects respond to and act within these large-scale processes, institutions, example of research paper about globalization, and discourses through culturally specific lenses.
It is for this reason that the ethnographic method has continued to define anthropological research, even as it pertains to globalization. The ethnographic emphasis has long been to follow the question, the person, the commodity, or the idea—all things that are continually mobilized or constrained by human activity. Some anthropologists have gone so far as to argue that empirically thin accounts of globalization, especially those that embrace it as a natural and ultimately unavoidable force in the world, actually obscure the means by which unequal relations of power are forged.
The argument is significant, as anthropologists generally agree that the ability to define globalization and steer discussions pertaining to it greatly informs the decisions of wealthy and influential policymakers.
Indeed, anthropology has a history of engagement with translocal phenomena and has long argued that exchange across sometimes vast distances has been and example of research paper about globalization common to human social interaction. Arguably the first incarnation of such a notion is seen in the works of late 19th- and early 20th-century diffusionists, who held that cultural change was a product of initially distinct cultural traits being appropriated and dispersed among individuals and groups over great geographic distances.
Franz Boas, often called the father of American anthropology, example of research paper about globalization, saw diffusionism as a corrective to unilineal evolutionary conceptions of culture change, which articulated the development of cultural traits as a example of research paper about globalization of independent and isolated trial and error rather than as a product of permeable social worlds facilitating cultural exchange.
Boas argued as follows:. It would be an error to assume that a cultural trait had its original home in the area in which it is now most strongly developed. Christianity did not originate in Europe or America. The manufacture of iron did not originate in America or northern Europe.
It was the same in early times. Boas,p. Mauss cited examples of this exchange among groups in the South Pacific region, as well as in North America. Ortiz further argued that the production and export of Cuban commodities like sugar and tobacco came to be deeply entangled with European and U. Leach also emphasized the power and creativity of individual actors to shape culture beyond local contexts, example of research paper about globalization. In addition, a principled example of research paper about globalization with the trajectory of anthropology and social science disciplines in general informed the reanimation of the Marxist approach known as political economy.
Broadly conceived, the political economic approach within anthropology was utilized to understand the relations between large-scale processes of economic and political change and specific usually subaltern communities, example of research paper about globalization. Both of these thinkers emphasized the imposing gravity of the European- and American-dominated world economy. This perspective laid out a significant critique of economic modernization theory, for both Wallerstein and Frank stressed the causal relationship between worldwide capitalist expansion and subaltern subjugation, or development and underdevelopment.
Wolf demonstrated his materialist approach in his influential and ironically titled Europe and the People Without History Mintz argued that slave labor in the Caribbean was a means for sugar to become a highly valued and common commodity in England.
His work is important because it demonstrated that the Caribbean producers of sugar were crucial actors in the shaping of the lifeworlds of metropolitan centers of global capitalism. Much the same as intellectual forebears like Boas, Malinowski, and Mintz, anthropologists today are apt to favor specificity and variation over generalization and central tendency.
Anthropology has, subsequently, tended to shy away from grand theories that can essentialize peoples and characterize histories as predetermined. Indeed, a continued interest of anthropologists is to investigate how individuals and groups negotiate their social worlds in creative and unexpected ways.
However, this has not prevented anthropologists from using macro theories as frameworks for inquiry nor from intimating how ethnographic detail is indicative of broader social example of research paper about globalization. The main point is that empirically supported arguments are paramount.
This is where long-term, immersed fieldwork has been and remains a central element of anthropological contributions to the scholarship on globalization. Yet the disciplinary interest in globalization has sparked debate about the future of fieldwork methodology. Indeed, while the ethos of anthropology continues to privilege singlesited fieldwork as this has long been considered the best means to become versed in the social processes of a given communitymany argue that a world of intensifying human relations has left traditional fieldwork approaches outmoded.
In an effort to address this challenge, George Marcus outlined two strategies. The first argues for the use of archival data, as well as macro theory, example of research paper about globalization, to situate specific communities or individuals in larger socioeconomic processes. While definitions of globalization abound, the greatest differences in such definitions are typically a matter of emphasis.
Modern-day political economic anthropologists, for example, clearly emphasize political and economic processes that structure and are structured by landscapes of human interaction. Like Wolf and Mintz, these anthropologists view the political economic approach as a necessary corrective to scholarship that historically turned interconnected people and places into distinctive and disconnected phenomena. A great number of medical anthropologists, for example, call for anthropologists to cast light on the historical and contemporary connections and disconnections within the capitalist world system that bring about human affliction.
Both Paul Farmer and Nancy Scheper-Hughes are archetypes of this contemporary political economy of health approach. Within this market, impoverished populations are targeted by brokers who, with the help of surgeons, turn high profits by selling these human organs and tissues to wealthier consumers in the global North. The term neoliberalism example of research paper about globalization underscores an important element of the political economic argument—that globalization is a human-made and ideologically driven set of processes.
The focus on neoliberalism is also one manner in which scholars have come to conceptualize how the contemporary moment is fundamentally different from the past. The most clearly articulated and influential starting point for many scholars of this school of thought is David Harvey, a Marxist geographer who in his significant work The Condition of Postmodernity argued that economic restructuring and associated social and political changes in Western economies in the early s sparked a fundamental reorganization of global commerce that sped up the turnover times of capital.
These changes were characterized, according to Harvey, by an increasing example of research paper about globalization of spatial attenuation and temporal acceleration in human economic and social relations, example of research paper about globalization.
Harvey refered to this sensation as time-space compressionwhich was brought on by the collapse of significant geographic and temporal barriers to commerce. This collapse was a byproduct of an economic experiment promoted during a crisis of capital accumulation and subsequent recession that existing Keynesian fiscal and monetary policies could do little to stop. The experiment involved the transition from the Fordist model of standardized commodity production and its related system of political and social regulation the dominant mode of capitalism since the end of World War II to the post-Fordist model of flexible accumulation.
The increased velocity and reach of market transactions this new regime of accumulation prompted were realized through substantial innovations in transport and information technologies.
The Comaroffs argue that neoliberal globalization at the turn of the millennium is a process that alienates capital from labor and marshals consumption as the primary shaper of social and economic phenomena like popular civil society discourses, occult economies and religious movements, and global youth cultures.
Much of the anthropological literature on neoliberalism thus far has focused less on the logic and mechanisms of its production and administration though this is increasingly a field of study, as some anthropologists turn their eyes to understanding the inner workings of institutions like the WTO, IMF, and World Bankand more on the impact of, and resistances to, neoliberal globalization.
See Kearney,for an excellent summary of perspectives during the early s. One of these proponents, Arjun Appadurai, writes a radical reply to center-periphery models of political economy and proposes that any framework emphasizing order in the present globalizing world is deluded. The birth of this new era was facilitated by phenomena like media and migration, and both of these have served to reorganize nationstates and mobility on a global scale.
Appadurai proposes that this chaotic world be grasped through five dimensions he calls scapes, or the landscapes across which cultural flows travel: ethnoscapes, example of research paper about globalization, mediascapes, technoscapes, financescapes, and ideoscapes.
These scapes overlap to constitute the particular lifeworlds of individuals across the world—each lifeworld being wholly individualized. In short, Appadurai posits a disorganized, centerless world in which no single view yields any grasp of larger processes—the ubiquitous flows of ideas, technologies, objects, example of research paper about globalization, and images constituting the global cultural economy are nonisomorphic and indeterminate.
At first glance, such movements suggest a significant imbalance in international exchange between the global North and South. It is from these and other observations that analysts have often come to consider cultural imperialism as a force of homogenization that levels cultural difference throughout the world see Tomlinson, Yet cultural homogenization assumes that the essential meaning of example of research paper about globalization commodity or idea is consistent and universally legible—meaning that, for example, a Sri Lankan teenager will interpret an Indiana Jones film the same way a German teenager might.
Subsequently, it could be inferred that the circulation of Western commodities or ideas will have predictable local effects. Anthropologists argue that there is little inevitability in such exchanges. Rather, a consumer applies her or his own cultural perspectives to the interpretation of objects and ideas, culturally tailoring them in the process. The cultural tailoring described above has, in many instances, become a rather common element of cultural interaction across the world, especially in light of myriad technological advances and their ability to radically compress time and space see Harvey, As argued earlier, many anthropologists have historically mapped culture onto territorially demarcated places, understanding distinctiveness as a product of social structures within supposedly locally bounded spheres.
Said differently, place was the container of culture. They further argue that cultural forms cannot be conceptualized as being fastened to specific geographic locations.
Rather, the contemporary world is characterized by the freeing of culture from specific localities, and the notion of deterritorialization captures this process. Indeed, as individuals and groups engage with and are shaped by processes that connect their local worlds with others, cultural forms can come to have an impact regardless of whether they originate in the global North or South.
Thus, the significance of non-Western cultural forms circulating in contexts outside of their origins should not be underestimated. Examples of this are everywhere visible, from the ethnic cuisine consumed in the global North, to popularly imported and exported religious beliefs like Buddhism, to non-Western modes of dress like headscarves that have engendered much debate in some European countries.
This is due to the fact that while cultural forms become unfastened from one locality, they simultaneously fasten themselves to new contexts and can become highly relevant. Analysts often refer to such individuals and groups as transnational, as they move across and between national boundaries.
Ultimately, the arguments and examples outlined above suggest that the world be viewed as a complex global society composed of interweaving cultural, political, and economic processes and forms. This is not to suggest that globalization engenders a homogenous global population, but rather to recognize the untethered nature and intensified potential of interactions between populations.
Anthropologists argue that only continued heterogeneity within this global society can be assumed. Of course, the discipline has been careful not to assume that movements are experienced by all peoples, things, and ideas or that all experience movements in the same way.
Indeed, many have argued that such processes have left areas and peoples excluded and marginalized. Moreover, anthropologists like Escobar have argued example of research paper about globalization too great a focus on the deterritorialization of culture can obscure processes of place making, as well as the fact that people continue to imagine and build cultural forms that are situated in specific localities.
As intimated earlier, the anthropological commitment to fieldwork has led many researchers to avoid nonempirical assumptions as to what globalization might be or what effects it might engender.
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Globalization has served to reshape the economic landscape of the United States with the introduction of new technologies, the exchange of business ideologies, and corporate culture. Through globalization, local companies are also expanding their operations, opening outlets, and This sample globalization research paper features: words (approx. 20 pages), an outline, and a bibliography with 45 sources. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a thorough research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help What Is Globalization? Research Paper Example. Pages: 1. Words: Research Paper. This Research Paper was written by one of our professional writers. You are free to use it as an inspiration or a source for your own work. Need a custom Research Paper written for you? HIRE A WRITER!
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